Chronic bullying victimization across school transitions: The role of genetic and environmental influences

We investigated the antecedents and consequences of chronic victimization by bullies across a school transition using a genetically sensitive longitudinal
design. Data were from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (E-Risk), an epidemiological cohort of 2,232 children. We used mothers’ and
children’s reports of bullying victimization during primary school and early secondary school. Children who experienced frequent victimization at both time
points were classed as “chronic victims” and were found to have an increased risk for mental health problems and academic difficulties compared to children
who were bullied only in primary school, children bullied for the first time in secondary school, and never-bullied children. Biometric analyses revealed that
stability in victimization over this period was influenced primarily by genetic and shared environmental factors. Regression analyses showed that children’s
early characteristics such as preexistent adjustment difficulties and IQ predicted chronic versus transitory victimization. Family risk factors for chronic
victimization included socioeconomic disadvantage, low maternal warmth, and maltreatment. Our results suggest that bullying intervention programs should
consider the role of the victims’ behaviors and family background in increasing vulnerability to chronic victimization. Our study highlights the importance of
widening antibullying interventions to include families to reduce the likelihood of children entering a pathway toward chronic victimization.