Delivery of radiolabelled blood cells to lymphatic vessels by intradermal injection: a means of investigating lymphovenous communications in the upper limb

Objective: To identify peripheral lymphovenous communications (LVCs) using labelled erythrocytes and intradermal injection. Intradermal injection delivers macromolecules to loco-regional lymph nodes faster than subcutaneous injection, suggesting easier lymphatic vessel access.
Methods: Autologous erythrocytes labelled with (111)in and Tc-99m were injected into opposite hands. In four normal volunteers, the differentially labelled cells were given by intradermal injection on one side and subcutaneous injection on the other while in four breast cancer patients they were given by intradermal injection bilaterally 3 months after axillary lymph node clearance surgery. The axillae were imaged and blood samples obtained bilaterally at approximately 15, 30, 60,120 and 180 min post-injection. Plasma activity was subtracted from whole blood activity to obtain erythrocyte-bound activity and contralateral concentrations were subtracted from ipsilateral concentrations to correct for ipsilateral recirculation. From estimated blood volume, erythrocyte and plasma activities contralateral to the injected side were calculated as percentage administered activity. Tracer concentrations in ipsilateral samples (%/1) were integrated to give total percentage administered activity, assuming a forearm blood flow of 20 ml/min.
Results: Kinetics of plasma activity were consistent with small diffusible Tc-99m complexes and protein-bound In-111 With both radionuclides, axillary nodes were visualized after intradermal but not subcutaneous injection, suggesting that nodal activity arises from erythrocytes. In one patient, Tc-99m and (111)in labelled erythrocytes accumulated in similar amounts ipsilaterally and contralaterally, suggesting bilateral LVCs distal to the ipsilateral sampling point. There was no evidence of LVCs in the other seven volunteers.
Conclusion: Intradermally injected erythrocytes are able to detect and potentially quantify peripheral LVCs.