TY - JOUR
T1 - Neurotherapeutics for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
T2 - A review
AU - Rubia, Katya
AU - Westwood, Samuel
AU - Aggensteiner, Pascal M.
AU - Brandeis, Daniel
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - This review focuses on the evidence for neurotherapeutics for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). EEG-neurofeedback has been tested for about 45 years, with the latest meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCT) showing small/medium effects compared to non-active controls only. Three small studies piloted neurofeedback of frontal activations in ADHD using functional magnetic resonance imaging or near-infrared spectroscopy, finding no superior effects over control conditions. Brain stimulation has been applied to ADHD using mostly repetitive transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation (rTMS/tDCS). rTMS has shown mostly negative findings on improving cognition or symptoms. Meta-analyses of tDCS studies targeting mostly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show small effects on cognitive improvements with only two out of three studies showing clinical improvements. Trigeminal nerve stimulation has been shown to improve ADHD symptoms with medium effect in one RCT. Modern neurotherapeutics are attractive due to their relative safety and potential neuroplastic effects. However, they need to be thoroughly tested for clinical and cognitive efficacy across settings and beyond core symptoms and for their potential for individualised treatment.
AB - This review focuses on the evidence for neurotherapeutics for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). EEG-neurofeedback has been tested for about 45 years, with the latest meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCT) showing small/medium effects compared to non-active controls only. Three small studies piloted neurofeedback of frontal activations in ADHD using functional magnetic resonance imaging or near-infrared spectroscopy, finding no superior effects over control conditions. Brain stimulation has been applied to ADHD using mostly repetitive transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation (rTMS/tDCS). rTMS has shown mostly negative findings on improving cognition or symptoms. Meta-analyses of tDCS studies targeting mostly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show small effects on cognitive improvements with only two out of three studies showing clinical improvements. Trigeminal nerve stimulation has been shown to improve ADHD symptoms with medium effect in one RCT. Modern neurotherapeutics are attractive due to their relative safety and potential neuroplastic effects. However, they need to be thoroughly tested for clinical and cognitive efficacy across settings and beyond core symptoms and for their potential for individualised treatment.
KW - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
KW - Brain stimulation
KW - EEG-neurofeedback
KW - FMRI-neurofeedback
KW - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
KW - Neurofeedback
KW - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
KW - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
KW - Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85115174615&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/cells10082156
DO - 10.3390/cells10082156
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34440925
AN - SCOPUS:85115174615
SN - 2073-4409
VL - 10
JO - Cells
JF - Cells
IS - 8
M1 - 2156
ER -