Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

Katie Williams Woolf; Virginie J M Verhoeven; Phillippa Cumberland; Geir  Bertelsen; Christian Wolfram; Gabrielle H S  Buitendijk; Albert Hofman; Cornelia M  van Duijn; Johannes R Vingerling; Robert W A M  Kuijpers; Rene Hohn; Alireza Mirshahi; Anthony P  Khawaja; Robert N  Luben; Maja Gran  Erke; Therese  von Hanno; Omar Mahroo; Ruth  Hogg; Christian Gieger; Audrey  Cougnard-Gregoire; Eleftherios  Anastasopoulos; Alain  Bron; Jean-Francois Dartigues; Jean-Francois  Korobelnik; Catherine  Creuzot-Garcher; Fotis Topouzis; Cecile  Delcourt; Jugnoo  Rahi; Thomas Meitinger; Astrid Fletcher; Paul J Foster; Norbert Pfeiffer; Caroline C W Klaver; Chris Hammond

doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0

Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

Katie Williams Woolf, Virginie J M Verhoeven, Phillippa Cumberland, Geir Bertelsen, Christian Wolfram, Gabrielle H S Buitendijk, Albert Hofman, Cornelia M van Duijn, Johannes R Vingerling, Robert W A M Kuijpers, Rene Hohn, Alireza Mirshahi, Anthony P Khawaja, Robert N Luben, Maja Gran Erke, Therese von Hanno, Omar Mahroo, Ruth Hogg, Christian Gieger, Audrey Cougnard-GregoireEleftherios Anastasopoulos, Alain Bron, Jean-Francois Dartigues, Jean-Francois Korobelnik, Catherine Creuzot-Garcher, Fotis Topouzis, Cecile Delcourt, Jugnoo Rahi, Thomas Meitinger, Astrid Fletcher, Paul J Foster, Norbert Pfeiffer, Caroline C W Klaver, Chris Hammond

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Abstract

To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence were obtained including the following classifications: myopia ≤−0.75 diopters (D), high myopia ≤−6D, hyperopia ≥1D and astigmatism ≥1D. Meta-analysis of refractive error was performed for 61,946 individuals from fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European Standard Population, limited to those ≥25 and <90 years old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia 25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants [47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive error affects just over a half of European adults. The greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010 European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2 million people with myopia across Europe.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	305–315
Number of pages	11
Journal	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume	30
Issue number	4
Early online date	18 Mar 2015
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0
Publication status	Published - 1 Apr 2015

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Prevalence of refractive error_WILLIAMS_2015_GOLD VoR (CC BY)Accepted author manuscript, 327 KBLicence: CC BY

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Woolf, K. W., Verhoeven, V. J. M., Cumberland, P., Bertelsen, G., Wolfram, C., Buitendijk, G. H. S., Hofman, A., van Duijn, C. M., Vingerling, J. R., Kuijpers, R. W. A. M., Hohn, R., Mirshahi, A., Khawaja, A. P., Luben, R. N., Erke, M. G., von Hanno, T., Mahroo, O., Hogg, R., Gieger, C., ... Hammond, C. (2015). Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, 30(4), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0

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title = "Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium",

abstract = "To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence were obtained including the following classifications: myopia ≤−0.75 diopters (D), high myopia ≤−6D, hyperopia ≥1D and astigmatism ≥1D. Meta-analysis of refractive error was performed for 61,946 individuals from fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European Standard Population, limited to those ≥25 and <90 years old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia 25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants [47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive error affects just over a half of European adults. The greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010 European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2 million people with myopia across Europe.",

author = "Woolf, {Katie Williams} and Verhoeven, {Virginie J M} and Phillippa Cumberland and Geir Bertelsen and Christian Wolfram and Buitendijk, {Gabrielle H S} and Albert Hofman and {van Duijn}, {Cornelia M} and Vingerling, {Johannes R} and Kuijpers, {Robert W A M} and Rene Hohn and Alireza Mirshahi and Khawaja, {Anthony P} and Luben, {Robert N} and Erke, {Maja Gran} and {von Hanno}, Therese and Omar Mahroo and Ruth Hogg and Christian Gieger and Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire and Eleftherios Anastasopoulos and Alain Bron and Jean-Francois Dartigues and Jean-Francois Korobelnik and Catherine Creuzot-Garcher and Fotis Topouzis and Cecile Delcourt and Jugnoo Rahi and Thomas Meitinger and Astrid Fletcher and Foster, {Paul J} and Norbert Pfeiffer and Klaver, {Caroline C W} and Chris Hammond",

year = "2015",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0",

language = "English",

volume = "30",

pages = "305–315",

journal = "EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY",

issn = "0393-2990",

publisher = "Springer Netherlands",

number = "4",

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Woolf, KW, Verhoeven, VJM, Cumberland, P, Bertelsen, G, Wolfram, C, Buitendijk, GHS, Hofman, A, van Duijn, CM, Vingerling, JR, Kuijpers, RWAM, Hohn, R, Mirshahi, A, Khawaja, AP, Luben, RN, Erke, MG, von Hanno, T, Mahroo, O, Hogg, R, Gieger, C, Cougnard-Gregoire, A, Anastasopoulos, E, Bron, A, Dartigues, J-F, Korobelnik, J-F, Creuzot-Garcher, C, Topouzis, F, Delcourt, C, Rahi, J, Meitinger, T, Fletcher, A, Foster, PJ, Pfeiffer, N, Klaver, CCW & Hammond, C 2015, 'Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0

TY - JOUR

T1 - Prevalence of refractive error in Europe

T2 - the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

AU - Woolf, Katie Williams

AU - Verhoeven, Virginie J M

AU - Cumberland, Phillippa

AU - Bertelsen, Geir

AU - Wolfram, Christian

AU - Buitendijk, Gabrielle H S

AU - Hofman, Albert

AU - van Duijn, Cornelia M

AU - Vingerling, Johannes R

AU - Kuijpers, Robert W A M

AU - Hohn, Rene

AU - Mirshahi, Alireza

AU - Khawaja, Anthony P

AU - Luben, Robert N

AU - Erke, Maja Gran

AU - von Hanno, Therese

AU - Mahroo, Omar

AU - Hogg, Ruth

AU - Gieger, Christian

AU - Cougnard-Gregoire, Audrey

AU - Anastasopoulos, Eleftherios

AU - Bron, Alain

AU - Dartigues, Jean-Francois

AU - Korobelnik, Jean-Francois

AU - Creuzot-Garcher, Catherine

AU - Topouzis, Fotis

AU - Delcourt, Cecile

AU - Rahi, Jugnoo

AU - Meitinger, Thomas

AU - Fletcher, Astrid

AU - Foster, Paul J

AU - Pfeiffer, Norbert

AU - Klaver, Caroline C W

AU - Hammond, Chris

PY - 2015/4/1

Y1 - 2015/4/1

N2 - To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence were obtained including the following classifications: myopia ≤−0.75 diopters (D), high myopia ≤−6D, hyperopia ≥1D and astigmatism ≥1D. Meta-analysis of refractive error was performed for 61,946 individuals from fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European Standard Population, limited to those ≥25 and <90 years old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia 25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants [47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive error affects just over a half of European adults. The greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010 European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2 million people with myopia across Europe.

AB - To estimate the prevalence of refractive error in adults across Europe. Refractive data (mean spherical equivalent) collected between 1990 and 2013 from fifteen population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies of the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium were combined in a random effects meta-analysis stratified by 5-year age intervals and gender. Participants were excluded if they were identified as having had cataract surgery, retinal detachment, refractive surgery or other factors that might influence refraction. Estimates of refractive error prevalence were obtained including the following classifications: myopia ≤−0.75 diopters (D), high myopia ≤−6D, hyperopia ≥1D and astigmatism ≥1D. Meta-analysis of refractive error was performed for 61,946 individuals from fifteen studies with median age ranging from 44 to 81 and minimal ethnic variation (98 % European ancestry). The age-standardised prevalences (using the 2010 European Standard Population, limited to those ≥25 and <90 years old) were: myopia 30.6 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 30.4–30.9], high myopia 2.7 % (95 % CI 2.69–2.73), hyperopia 25.2 % (95 % CI 25.0–25.4) and astigmatism 23.9 % (95 % CI 23.7–24.1). Age-specific estimates revealed a high prevalence of myopia in younger participants [47.2 % (CI 41.8–52.5) in 25–29 years-olds]. Refractive error affects just over a half of European adults. The greatest burden of refractive error is due to myopia, with high prevalence rates in young adults. Using the 2010 European population estimates, we estimate there are 227.2 million people with myopia across Europe.

U2 - 10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0

DO - 10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0

M3 - Article

SN - 0393-2990

VL - 30

SP - 305

EP - 315

JO - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

JF - EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

IS - 4

ER -

Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

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