Trajectories of cognitive development during adolescence among youth at-risk for schizophrenia

Background: Among adults with schizophrenia, evidence suggests that premorbid deficits in different cognitive domains follow distinct developmental courses during childhood and adolescence. The aim of the present study was to delineate trajectories of adolescent cognitive functions prospectively among different groups of youth at-risk for schizophrenia, relative to their typically-developing (TD) peers. Method: Using linear mixed models adjusted for sex, ethnicity, parental occupation and practice effects, cognitive development between ages 9-16 years was compared for youth characterised by a triad of well-replicated developmental antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz; N=32) and youth with a least one affected relative with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (FHx; N=29), relative to TD youth (N=45). Participants completed measures of IQ, scholastic achievement, memory, and executive function at three time-points, separated by approximately 24-month intervals. Results: Compared to TD youth, both ASz and FHx youth displayed stable developmental deficits in verbal working memory and inhibition/switching executive functions. ASz youth additionally presented with stable deficits in measures of vocabulary (IQ), word reading, numerical operations, and category fluency executive function, and a slower rate of growth (developmental lag) on spelling from 9-16 years than TD peers. Conversely, faster rates of growth relative to TD peers (developmental delay) were observed on visual and verbal memory, and on category fluency executive function (ASz youth only) and on matrix reasoning (IQ) and word reading (FHx youth only). Conclusions: These differential patterns of deviation from normative adolescent cognitive development among at-risk youth imply potential for cognitive rehabilitation targeting of specific cognitive deficits at different developmental phases.