Charlotte Roueché studied Classics at Newnham College Cambridge; she developed an interest in the Byzantine world which took her to undertake research in Paris and, as a Harkness fellow, at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC. After that she began a career in the Home Civil Service, which was interrupted by a three year period in Kuwait. On return to London she was appointed a lecturer in Byzantine Language and Literature at King's. For many years she has recorded and published Greek inscriptions at Aphrodisias, in Turkey, and at Ephesus; she also published the Greek inscriptions of Kuwait. In autumn 2010 she was the Geddes-Harrower Visiting Professor at the University of Aberdeen. In 2011 she retired from her full-time post at King's, but continued as part-time Director of the Centre for Hellenic Studies; from 2012-2016 she held a part-time position as Senior Research Fellow in Digital Hellenic Studies. She is now an Emeritus Professor at KCL, and an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Classical Studies.

From September 2000 to September 2002 she held a British Academy Research Readership, in order to prepare, with Joyce Reynolds, the final publication of the Greek and Latin inscriptions of Aphrodisias. With the support of the Leverhulme Trust 's Research Interchange Scheme, she prepared an online second edition of Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity (2004). With a further grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council she and colleagues published the full corpus, IAph2007, of all the Aphrodisias inscriptions discovered up to 1994. This work allowed a group of international scholars to develop, improve and standardise the EpiDoc schema for the publication of inscriptions. With the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at NYU, she and her team were awarded a Joint Digitisation grant for the Concordia project, to develop further tools, and to publish the Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania (2009). In 2020 she and her team published the Inscriptions of Roman Cyrenaica (2020), initially funded by the Leverhulme Trust; early in 2022 they published Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania (2021), exploiting the capcities of EpiDoc to refresh and enrich an existing publication, and also to involve other scholars from many countries at the pre-publication stage.

She directed the Arabic Sources for Byzantines and Crusaders project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, which supplemented the Greek source material in the Prosopography of the Byzantine World. In 2010-11 she directed a pilot project on collaborative work in prosopography, the Register Medicorum Medii Aevi, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The latest edition of the Prosopography was published in August 2016, PBW 2016.

From 2010 to 2013 she led a Joint Research Project, Sharing Ancient Wisdoms, Exploring the tradition of Greek and Arabic wisdom literatures, funded by HERA – Humanities in the European Research Area: the resultant publication, Sharing Ancient Wisdoms, came out in 2013. The focus was on developing and refining protocols for examining and describing citation and re-use.

One of her overriding concerns is to enable and encourage the use of digital tools to empower academic collaboration. In 2016 she published, as the result of a joint project with colleagues at King's and the University of Cyprus, the Heritage Gazetteer of Cyprus. In 2018 she published a further Gazetteer project, the Heritage Gazetteer of Libya; with colleagues in King's Digital Laboratory and others she is working on further tools for collaborative work to record and publicise the heritage of Libya.

Charlotte works on texts - inscribed or in manuscripts - from the Roman, late Antique and Byzantine periods. She is particularly interested in the interface between Digital Humanities and Classical and Byzantine studies, exploring how digital tools and digital publication can be used to break down barriers between disciplines, and between scholars across the world.