TY - JOUR
T1 - A miniaturized passive sampling-based workflow for monitoring chemicals of emerging concern in water
AU - Richardson, Alexandra K.
AU - Irlam, Rachel C.
AU - Wright, Helena Rapp
AU - Mills, Graham A.
AU - Fones, Gary R.
AU - Stürzenbaum, Stephen R.
AU - Cowan, David A.
AU - Neep, David J.
AU - Barron, Leon P.
N1 - Funding Information:
The support of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council under the London Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training Programme (LIDO) (BB/M009513/1) and Agilent Technologies UK Limited as iCASE partners for the studentship for Alexandra Richardson is greatly appreciated. Leon Barron is part funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Units in Environmental Exposures and Health, and Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, both partnerships between the UK Health Security Agency and Imperial College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UK Health Security Agency or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors also thank Dermot Brabazon, Johanna Mader, Keng Tiong Ng, Melanie Egli, and Lucy Birkitt for their assistance.
Funding Information:
The support of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council under the London Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training Programme (LIDO) ( BB/M009513/1 ) and Agilent Technologies UK Limited as iCASE partners for the studentship for Alexandra Richardson is greatly appreciated. Leon Barron is part funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Units in Environmental Exposures and Health, and Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards , both partnerships between the UK Health Security Agency and Imperial College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UK Health Security Agency or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors also thank Dermot Brabazon, Johanna Mader, Keng Tiong Ng, Melanie Egli, and Lucy Birkitt for their assistance.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/9/15
Y1 - 2022/9/15
N2 - The miniaturization of a full workflow for identification and monitoring of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is presented. Firstly, successful development of a low-cost small 3D-printed passive sampler device (3D-PSD), based on a two-piece methacrylate housing that held up to five separate 9 mm disk sorbents, is discussed. Secondly, a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method reduced the need for large scale in-laboratory apparatus, solvent, reagents and reference material quantities for in-laboratory passive sampler device (PSD) calibration and extraction. Using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbents, sampling rates (Rs) were determined after a low 50 ng L−1 exposure over seven days for 39 pesticides, pharmaceuticals, drug metabolites and illicit drugs over the range 0.3 to 12.3 mL day−1. The high sensitivity LC-MS/MS method enabled rapid analysis of river water using only 10 μL of directly injected sample filtrate to measure occurrence of 164 CECs and sources along 19 sites on the River Wandle, (London, UK). The new 3D-PSD was then field-tested over seven days at the site with the highest number and concentration of CECs, which was down-river from a wastewater treatment plant. Almost double the number of CECs were identified in 3D-PSD extracts across sites in comparison to water samples (80 versus 42 CECs, respectively). Time-weighted average CEC concentrations ranged from 8.2 to 845 ng L−1, which were generally comparable to measured concentrations in grab samples. Lastly, high resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening of 3D-PSD extracts enabled 113 additional compounds to be tentatively identified via library matching, many of which are currently or are under consideration for the EU Watch List. This miniaturized workflow represents a new, cost-effective, and more practically efficient means to perform passive sampling chemical monitoring at a large scale. Synopsis: Miniaturized, low cost, multi-disk passive samplers enabled more efficient multi-residue chemical contaminant characterization, potentially for large-scale monitoring programs.
AB - The miniaturization of a full workflow for identification and monitoring of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is presented. Firstly, successful development of a low-cost small 3D-printed passive sampler device (3D-PSD), based on a two-piece methacrylate housing that held up to five separate 9 mm disk sorbents, is discussed. Secondly, a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method reduced the need for large scale in-laboratory apparatus, solvent, reagents and reference material quantities for in-laboratory passive sampler device (PSD) calibration and extraction. Using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbents, sampling rates (Rs) were determined after a low 50 ng L−1 exposure over seven days for 39 pesticides, pharmaceuticals, drug metabolites and illicit drugs over the range 0.3 to 12.3 mL day−1. The high sensitivity LC-MS/MS method enabled rapid analysis of river water using only 10 μL of directly injected sample filtrate to measure occurrence of 164 CECs and sources along 19 sites on the River Wandle, (London, UK). The new 3D-PSD was then field-tested over seven days at the site with the highest number and concentration of CECs, which was down-river from a wastewater treatment plant. Almost double the number of CECs were identified in 3D-PSD extracts across sites in comparison to water samples (80 versus 42 CECs, respectively). Time-weighted average CEC concentrations ranged from 8.2 to 845 ng L−1, which were generally comparable to measured concentrations in grab samples. Lastly, high resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening of 3D-PSD extracts enabled 113 additional compounds to be tentatively identified via library matching, many of which are currently or are under consideration for the EU Watch List. This miniaturized workflow represents a new, cost-effective, and more practically efficient means to perform passive sampling chemical monitoring at a large scale. Synopsis: Miniaturized, low cost, multi-disk passive samplers enabled more efficient multi-residue chemical contaminant characterization, potentially for large-scale monitoring programs.
KW - Direct-injection LC-MS/MS
KW - Miniaturization
KW - Passive sampling
KW - Pesticides
KW - Pharmaceuticals
KW - Suspect screening
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131422134&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156260
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156260
M3 - Article
C2 - 35644406
AN - SCOPUS:85131422134
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 839
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 156260
ER -