Abstract
Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based = 0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge eating, AN without binge eating, and a bulimia nervosa factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Total study sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2400 to ~537 000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg = 0.18; false discovery rate q = 0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg = 0.23; q < 0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge eating (rg = 0.27; q = 0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three nondiagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge eating (rgs = −0.19 to −0.23; qs < 0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for major depressive disorder loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships among these behaviors.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | e12880 |
| Journal | Addiction Biology |
| Volume | 26 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 16 Feb 2020 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jan 2021 |
Keywords
- eating disorders
- genetic correlation
- substance use
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In: Addiction Biology, Vol. 26, No. 1, e12880, 01.2021.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes
T2 - Evidence from genome-wide association studies
AU - Munn-Chernoff, Melissa A.
AU - Johnson, Emma C.
AU - Chou, Yi Ling
AU - Coleman, Jonathan R.I.
AU - Thornton, Laura M.
AU - Walters, Raymond K.
AU - Yilmaz, Zeynep
AU - Baker, Jessica H.
AU - Hübel, Christopher
AU - Gordon, Scott
AU - Medland, Sarah E.
AU - Watson, Hunna J.
AU - Gaspar, Héléna A.
AU - Bryois, Julien
AU - Hinney, Anke
AU - Leppä, Virpi M.
AU - Mattheisen, Manuel
AU - Ripke, Stephan
AU - Yao, Shuyang
AU - Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola
AU - Hanscombe, Ken B.
AU - Adan, Roger A.H.
AU - Alfredsson, Lars
AU - Ando, Tetsuya
AU - Andreassen, Ole A.
AU - Berrettini, Wade H.
AU - Boehm, Ilka
AU - Boni, Claudette
AU - Boraska Perica, Vesna
AU - Buehren, Katharina
AU - Burghardt, Roland
AU - Cassina, Matteo
AU - Cichon, Sven
AU - Clementi, Maurizio
AU - Cone, Roger D.
AU - Courtet, Philippe
AU - Crow, Scott
AU - Farmer, Anne
AU - Helder, Sietske G.
AU - Kalsi, Gursharan
AU - McGuffin, Peter
AU - Roberts, Marion
AU - Schmidt, Ulrike
AU - Treasure, Janet
AU - Walton, Esther
AU - Lynskey, Michael T.
AU - Madden, Pamela A.F.
AU - Riley, Brien P.
AU - Neale, Benjamin M.
AU - Breen, Gerome
N1 - Funding Information: The PGC‐SUD receives support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Mental Health via MH109532. We gratefully acknowledge prior support from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Statistical analyses for the PGC were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer ( http://www.geneticcluster.org ) hosted by SURFsara and financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480‐05‐003) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. Cohort specific acknowledgements may be found in Walters et al (2018) Nature Neuroscience. Funding Information: We thank all study volunteers, study coordinators, and research staff who enabled this study. ANGI: The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative was an initiative of the Klarman Family Foundation. Additional support was offered by the National Institute of Mental Health. We acknowledge support from the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS) and the Carolina Data Warehouse. PGC: We are deeply indebted to the investigators who comprise the PGC and to the hundreds of thousands of individuals who have shared their life experiences with PGC investigators and the contributing studies. We are grateful to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), the Price Foundation Collaborative Group (PFCG), Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa (GCAN), Wellcome Trust Case‐Control Consortium‐3 (WTCCC‐3), the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), the QSkin Sun and Health Study, Riksät (Swedish National Quality Register for Eating Disorders), the Stockholm Center for Eating Disorders (SCÄ), LifeGene, the UK Biobank, and all PGC‐ED members for their support in providing individual samples used in this study. We thank SURFsara ( http://www.surf.nl ) for support in using the Lisa Compute Cluster. We thank Max Lam, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, for Ricopili consultation. This study also represents independent research partly funded by the English National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the English Department of Health and Social Care. High performance computing facilities were funded with capital equipment grants from the GSTT Charity (TR130505) and Maudsley Charity (980). Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01MH109514. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the US National Institutes of Health. Funding Information: The authors report the following potential competing interests. O. Andreassen received a speaker's honorarium from Lundbeck. G. Breen received grant funding and consultancy fees in preclinical genetics from Eli Lilly, consultancy fees from Otsuka, and has received honoraria from Illumina. C. Bulik served on Shire Scientific Advisory Boards, is a consultant for Idorsia, and receives author royalties from Pearson. D. Degortes served as a speaker and on advisory boards and has received consultancy fees for participation in research from various pharmaceutical industry companies including AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Genesis Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Lundbeck, Organon, Sanofi, UniPharma, and Wyeth; he has received unrestricted grants from Lilly and AstraZeneca as director of the Sleep Research Unit of Eginition Hospital (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece). J. Hudson has received grant support from Shire and Sunovion and has received consulting fees from DiaMentis, Shire, and Sunovion. A. Kaplan is a member of the Shire Canadian Binge‐Eating Disorder Advisory Board and was on the steering committee for the Shire B/educated Educational Symposium: 15 to 16 June 2018. J. Kennedy served as an unpaid member of the scientific advisory board of AssurexHealth Inc. M. Landén declares that, over the past 36 months, he has received lecture honoraria from Lundbeck and served as scientific consultant for EPID Research Oy. S. Scherer is a member of the scientific advisory board for Deep Genomics. P. Sullivan is on the Lundbeck advisory committee and is a Lundbeck grant recipient; he has served on the scientific advisory board for Pfizer, has received a consultation fee from Element Genomics and a speaker reimbursement fee from Roche. J. Treasure has received an honorarium for participation in an EAP meeting and has received royalties from several books from Routledge, Wiley, and Oxford University press. T. Werge has acted as a lecturer and scientific advisor to H. Lundbeck A/S. L. Bierut, A. Goate, J. Rice, J.‐C. Wang, and the spouse of N. Saccone are listed as inventors on Issued US Patent 8080,371, “Markers for Addiction” covering the use of certain SNPs in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of addiction. N. Wodarz has received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany (BMBF); he has received speaker's honoraria and travel funds from Janssen‐Cilag, Mundipharma, and Indivior. He took part in industry‐sponsored multicenter randomized trials by D&A Pharma and Lundbeck. M. Ridinger received compensation from Lundbeck Switzerland and Lundbeck institute for advisory boards and expert meetings and from Lundbeck and Lilly Suisse for workshops and presentations. K. Mann received speaker fees from Janssen‐Cilag. H. Kranzler is a member of the American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology's Alcohol Clinical Trials Initiative, which was sponsored in the past 3 years by AbbVie, Alkermes, Amygdala Neurosciences, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Ethypharm, Indivior, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Pfizer. H. Kranzler and J. Gelernter are named as inventors on PCT patent application #15/878,640, entitled “Genotype‐guided dosing of opioid agonists,” filed 24 January 2018. J. MacKillop is a principal in BEAM Diagnostics, Inc. D.‐S. Choi is a scientific advisory member of Peptron Inc. M. Frye has received grant support from Assurex Health, Mayo Foundation, Myriad, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Mental Health, and Pfizer; he has been a consultant for Intra‐Cellular Therapies, Inc., Janssen, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Myriad, Neuralstem Inc., Otsuka American Pharmaceutical, Sunovion, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. H. de Wit has received support from Insys Therapeutics and Indivior for studies unrelated to this project, and she has consulted for Marinus and Jazz Pharmaceuticals, also unrelated to this project. T. Wall has previously received funds from ABMRF. J. Nurnberger is an investigator for Janssen. M. Nöthen has received honoraria from the Lundbeck Foundation and the Robert Bosch Stiftung for membership on advisory boards. N. Scherbaum received honoraria for several activities (advisory boards, lectures, and manuscripts) by the factories Abbvie, Hexal, Janssen‐Cilag, MSD, Medice, Mundipharma, Reckitt‐Benckiser/Indivior, and Sanofi‐Aventis. W. Gäbel has received symposia support from Janssen‐Cilag GmbH, Neuss, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, and Servier, Munich and is a member of the Faculty of the Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation (LINF), Denmark. J. Kaprio has provided consultations on nicotine dependence for Pfizer (Finland) 2012 to 2015. In the past 3 years, L. Degenhardt has received investigator‐initiated untied educational grants for studies of opioid medications in Australia from Indivior, Mundipharma, and Seqirus. B. Neale is a member of the scientific advisory board for Deep Genomics and has consulted for Camp4 Therapeutics Corporation, Merck & Co., and Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc. A. Agrawal previously received peer‐reviewed funding and travel reimbursement from ABMRF for unrelated research. All other authors have no conflicts of interest, relevant to the contents of this paper, to disclose. Funding Information: Grant support for individual authors can be found in Table S10. This study included summary statistics of a genetic study on cannabis use (Pasman et al [2018] Nature Neuroscience). We would like to acknowledge all participating groups of the International Cannabis Consortium, and in particular, the members of the working group including Joelle Pasman, Karin Verweij, Nathan Gillespie, Eske Derks, and Jacqueline Vink. Pasman et al (2018) included data from the UK Biobank resource under application numbers 9905, 16406, and 25331. We thank all study volunteers, study coordinators, and research staff who enabled this study. ANGI: The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative was an initiative of the Klarman Family Foundation. Additional support was offered by the National Institute of Mental Health. We acknowledge support from the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS) and the Carolina Data Warehouse. PGC: We are deeply indebted to the investigators who comprise the PGC and to the hundreds of thousands of individuals who have shared their life experiences with PGC investigators and the contributing studies. We are grateful to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), the Price Foundation Collaborative Group (PFCG), Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa (GCAN), Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium-3 (WTCCC-3), the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), the QSkin Sun and Health Study, Riks?t (Swedish National Quality Register for Eating Disorders), the Stockholm Center for Eating Disorders (SC?), LifeGene, the UK Biobank, and all PGC-ED members for their support in providing individual samples used in this study. We thank SURFsara (http://www.surf.nl) for support in using the Lisa Compute Cluster. We thank Max Lam, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, for Ricopili consultation. This study also represents independent research partly funded by the English National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the English Department of Health and Social Care. High performance computing facilities were funded with capital equipment grants from the GSTT Charity (TR130505) and Maudsley Charity (980). Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01MH109514. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the US National Institutes of Health. The PGC-SUD receives support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Mental Health via MH109532. We gratefully acknowledge prior support from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Statistical analyses for the PGC were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. Cohort specific acknowledgements may be found in Walters et al (2018) Nature Neuroscience. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Society for the Study of Addiction Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/1
Y1 - 2021/1
N2 - Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based = 0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge eating, AN without binge eating, and a bulimia nervosa factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Total study sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2400 to ~537 000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg = 0.18; false discovery rate q = 0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg = 0.23; q < 0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge eating (rg = 0.27; q = 0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three nondiagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge eating (rgs = −0.19 to −0.23; qs < 0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for major depressive disorder loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships among these behaviors.
AB - Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based = 0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge eating, AN without binge eating, and a bulimia nervosa factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Total study sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2400 to ~537 000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg = 0.18; false discovery rate q = 0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg = 0.23; q < 0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge eating (rg = 0.27; q = 0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three nondiagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge eating (rgs = −0.19 to −0.23; qs < 0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for major depressive disorder loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships among these behaviors.
KW - eating disorders
KW - genetic correlation
KW - substance use
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85079714981&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/adb.12880
DO - 10.1111/adb.12880
M3 - Article
C2 - 32064741
AN - SCOPUS:85079714981
SN - 1355-6215
VL - 26
JO - Addiction Biology
JF - Addiction Biology
IS - 1
M1 - e12880
ER -